In this post, I will show you how to recover lost or deleted data on Windows 11.

Many users with eligible systems have already installed Windows 11, since its public release on October 5, 2021. If you’re one of the users and have mistakenly deleted or lost data from Windows 11 system, there is no need to concern as you can easily recover the lost or deleted data.

In this post, we’ve covered some DIY methods to recover lost data from Windows 11 system. But before that, let’s see the reasons for data loss.

What Causes Data Loss?

You may lose files, folders, and other data from your system due to various reasons, such as:

• Accidental Deletion
• Drive Formatting
• Software Corruption
• File System Corruption
• Bad Sectors on Hard Drive
• Malware Attack
• System Crash
• Damaged Hard Drive

How to Perform Data Recovery on Windows 11?

Here, we’ve covered the best DIY methods that will help you recover deleted or lost files in different data loss scenarios. These methods include:

• Recover Data from Recycle Bin
• Use Windows Backup Utilities
  • File History
  • Backup & Restore (Windows 7)
  • Previous Version
• Run ATTRIB Command using Command Prompt
• Use Microsoft’s File Recovery Software
• Use Stellar Data Recovery Free Edition

Method 1: Recover Data from Recycle Bin

If you’ve deleted the files from your Windows system using only the ‘Delete’ key, you can check the Recycle Bin folder for deleted files. To restore deleted data from Recycle Bin, follow the given steps:

1. Go to your Desktop and open Recycle Bin.
2. Locate and select the files you want to restore.
3. Right-click the files and click Restore.
4. All the selected files will be restored to their original location.

Method 2: Use Windows Backup Utilities

A. File History

Windows built-in File History feature creates and keeps a copy of your system data. If you’ve kept it turned on since setting up Windows 11, you can easily restore the data deleted using Shift+ Del keys, drive formatting, or corruption. To recover data using File History, follow the given steps:

1. Go to Start and type Control Panel in the Search bar to open it.
2. Click System and Security on the next prompt.
3. Now, you can either click File History or Restore your files with File History.
4. Find the backup with the date and time.
5. Open the backup folder, select the files or folders, and click ‘Restore’ or ‘Restore to’.
6. Finally, choose the desired location (a different drive partition or an external storage drive is recommended) to save the data.

B. Backup and Restore (Windows 7)

It is another Windows built-in utility that, if enabled, keeps a backup of your data. You can recover permanently deleted files easily with the following steps:

1. Open Control Panel and go to System and Security.
2. Select either Backup and Restore (Windows 7) or Restore files from the backup.
3. On the next prompt, click either Restore my files or Restore all users’ files.
4. Select the files you want to restore.
5. Next, choose either Browse for files or Browse for folder and click Next.
6. Finally, choose the location where you want to store the recoverable files and click Restore.

C. Previous Version

The previous version is the copy of system files and folders that Windows automatically saves as a restore point. To recover files using the Previous Version, follow the given steps:

1. Go to File Explorer and navigate to This PC.
2. Then, right-click the drive from which you lost the files and click Properties.
3. Next, navigate to the Previous Versions tab.
4. You’ll see the list of previous versions of all folders and files. Choose the files or folders you want to revert to their older state.
5. Drag the file or folder to restore to another location (external drive or another drive partition in the system) and click OK.
6. The required version of files or folders will be restored to the selected location.

Method 3: Run ATTRIB Command using Command Prompt

Sometimes, your hard drive may get infected with virus or malware, due to which your data stored on the drive may become hidden. You can run the ATTRIB command in the Command Prompt to perform data recovery. To do so,

1. Type CMD in the Search bar and click Run as administrator in the right panel.
2. Click ‘Yes’ to allow the app to run.
3. In the Command Prompt window, type Chkdsk C:/f and hit Enter. (Replace C: with your hard drive letter.)
4. Wait until the process is done.
5. Once done, type attrib -h -r -s /s /d X:\*.* (replace letter X: with your hard drive letter) and hit Enter.

Here,

–r represents read-only attribute: Files are only readable

–s allocates ‘System’ attribute to the chosen files

–h assigns the ‘Hidden’ attribute to the chosen files

‘/S’ implies to ‘Search’ attribute to the specified path

‘/D’ contains process folders

X: represents the selected hard drive

Once the process is completed, a new folder on your selected hard drive will be created with all the recovered data. The files will probably be in CHK format. Change the file format to make them accessible and save them at the preferred location.

Method 4: Use Microsoft’s File Recovery Software

If you can’t restore your files from backup, you can use Microsoft’s Windows File Recovery tool. It is a command-line tool that can recover files in case of accidental deletion, formatting, and corruption. The software is available with three modes of operations, including Default, Segment, and Signature.

Default mode only supports the recovery of recently deleted files from NTFS hard drives. You need to use Segment mode to recover data lost due to accidental deletion, formatting, and corruption from NTFS hard drives. However, the Signature Mode allows data recovery from FAT, exFAT, and ReFS hard drives.

There are a few limitations of using this software:

• As it’s a command-line tool, you need to run several commands to recover different file types from NTFS, FAT, ReFS, and other hard drives, making it a bit complicated for non-technical users.
• This tool is only available for Windows 10 (version 2004) and above versions. Unfortunately, you can’t recover deleted data using this tool from previous Windows versions.
• The recovery results may be incomplete or corrupted.  

Method 5: Use Stellar Data Recovery Free Edition

For hassle-free data recovery in all data loss scenarios, such as deletion, drive formatting, corruption, malware attack, etc., you can use a powerful data recovery software, such as Stellar Data Recovery Free Edition.

It is a free data recovery software with powerful scanning and file recovery features. It restores all kinds of data, including documents, emails, PDF files, images, videos and audio files, and more, absolutely free of cost. You can even retrieve data from BitLocker-encrypted drives. You can recover lost data in just a few simple steps.

1. Install and run Stellar Data Recovery Free Edition on your Windows 11 system.
2. Select ‘Everything’ or choose the type of data you want to retrieve and click ‘Next’ on the initial interface.
3. Next, choose the location or drive from where you’ve lost the data on the Recover from screen and click Scan. The scanning process will start.
4. Once the scanning is done, you’ll see the results on the screen. Select files from available results and click ‘Recover’.
5. Now your files will be ready to recover. Browse the location to store recoverable files and Start Saving the files.  

Note: You can recover up to 1 GB of data for free by using Stellar Data Recovery Free Edition.

Preventive Measures for Avoiding Data Loss

You may lose data at any moment. Certainly, the above-discussed methods may help you retrieve lost or deleted data. However, it’s always said “Precaution is better than cure”. Thus, sharing some preventive measures for avoiding data loss in future.

• Back up your data regularly and keep at least three copies of your backup on Cloud or external storage media drives.
• Be more attentive while removing unnecessary data from hard drives.
• Always keep the latest Antivirus Program installed on your system to prevent malware or virus attacks.
• Don’t perform any hit-or-trial method to clean up your hard drives.
• Keep reliable data recovery software handy to prevent permanent data loss.

Conclusion

Data loss is a serious problem that may occur due to multiple reasons. But, whether you’ve deleted the data accidentally or it got lost due to hard drive corruption or formatting, you can get it back. Try out the free DIY methods given in this blog to reset windows 11 PC without losing data.

If you’ve just deleted your files using the ‘Del’ key, Recycle Bin is the first place to check and retrieve your files. However, if the files are deleted permanently (using Shift+Del key or emptying Recycle Bin) or lost due to other reasons, you can use Backup features in Windows or data recovery software, such as Windows File Recovery and Stellar Data Recovery Free edition to recover the data.

However, Windows File Recovery is a bit complicated tool for a normal user. Hence, we’d suggest you go with Stellar Data Recovery. It’s a DIY software that can recover data in all common data loss scenarios.

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In this post, I will talk about hardware-rooted trust and why security must start at the PCB level.

We tend to think of cybersecurity as something invisible—firewalls running quietly in the background, antivirus scans ticking away, encryption protecting our data as it travels across the internet. It all feels like software. But beneath every application, operating system, and security tool is something far more tangible: hardware.

And if that hardware isn’t trustworthy, nothing built on top of it truly is.

In today’s hyperconnected world—where cloud data centers power global businesses and tiny edge devices run factories, cars, and hospitals—security can’t just live in code. It has to start lower. Much lower. It has to start at the printed circuit board (PCB), the physical foundation of every electronic device.

What Hardware-Rooted Trust Really Means

At its core, hardware-rooted trust is about one simple idea: start security at power-on.

Instead of assuming trust, devices are designed to verify themselves from the very first instruction they execute for hardware design. This is done using a “root of trust”—a small, hardened set of hardware functions that are inherently trusted and cannot be easily altered.

When a device boots up, this root of trust checks the firmware. If the firmware has been tampered with, the system doesn’t proceed as normal. It stops, isolates, or shifts into recovery mode. In other words, it refuses to run unverified code.

Major chip manufacturers like Intel and AMD have embedded hardware-based protections directly into their processors. Features like secure boot and trusted execution environments help ensure that what runs on a system hasn’t been secretly modified.

Standards bodies such as the Trusted Computing Group have also advanced technologies like Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs), which securely generate and store cryptographic keys in hardware.

But to truly understand hardware-rooted trust, we need to look beyond the processor. We need to look at the board that holds everything together.

Why the PCB Is the Real Foundation

The printed circuit board is the nervous system of any device. It connects the processor, memory, storage, power management, communication modules, and peripherals. It defines how signals move and how components interact.

If the PCB is compromised—through tampering, poor design, or malicious modifications—every connected component is at risk.

Think of it like building a house. You can install the strongest doors and smartest alarm system, but if the foundation is cracked, the entire structure is vulnerable.

1. The Supply Chain Reality

Modern electronics don’t come from a single firmware. Components are sourced globally. Boards are assembled in one region, chips fabricated in another, firmware written somewhere else entirely.

Each handoff in that chain introduces risk.

Counterfeit parts can slip in. Components can be swapped. Firmware can be altered before deployment. And because hardware isn’t as easily inspected as software, these compromises can be difficult to detect.

By embedding security directly into the PCB design—such as cryptographic authentication of components and secure provisioning during manufacturing—organizations can verify that only authorized parts are accepted and that nothing unexpected has been introduced along the way.

Security, in this case, becomes part of the manufacturing DNA.

2. Protecting Firmware at the Board Level

Firmware lives in a gray area between hardware and software. It controls how devices start up and interact with their components. If compromised, it can provide attackers with persistence that survives reboots and even operating system reinstalls.

Technologies like secure boot help address this. For example, processors built on architectures from ARM Holdings often include TrustZone, which creates isolated execution environments to protect sensitive operations.

But these features only work as intended if the PCB supports them properly.

That means protecting key storage areas, securing boot ROMs, and locking down debug interfaces. A single exposed debug port can undo an otherwise strong design. PCB layout decisions—trace routing, access points, and connector placement—directly affect how difficult it is for an attacker to interfere with the system.

3. When Attackers Have Physical Access

Not all threats come over the network. In industrial sites, vehicles, IoT deployments, and defense systems, attackers may have physical access to devices.

At that point, security becomes very tangible.

PCB-level protections can include tamper detection circuits that trigger alerts if a casing is opened. Sensitive communication lines can be encrypted. Critical traces can be shielded to prevent signal probing. Some designs even erase cryptographic keys if tampering is detected.

These measures don’t make attacks impossible—but they dramatically raise the bar.

Secure Elements and TPMs: Anchors of Identity

Dedicated secure elements and TPM 2.0 modules act like vaults embedded directly on the board. They generate and store cryptographic keys in isolation from the main processor, resisting side-channel attacks and physical tampering.

When properly integrated into a PCB, these components enable:

• Strong device identity
• Secure firmware updates
• Remote attestation
• Encrypted storage

In a zero-trust world—where no device is automatically trusted just because it’s inside the network—hardware-backed identity becomes essential. Before granting access, systems can verify not just who a device claims to be, but whether it’s in a known, uncompromised state.

Designing Security from the Start

One of the most important truths about hardware-rooted trust is this: you can’t bolt it on later.

Retrofitting hardware security is expensive, complex, and often incomplete. It must be designed in from day one. That requires electrical engineers, firmware developers, and security teams to collaborate early—not after a product is already built.

It also requires a mindset shift. Security is no longer just about patching vulnerabilities. It’s about minimizing attack surfaces, provisioning strong cryptographic identities during manufacturing, securing update mechanisms, and planning for the entire device lifecycle—even decommissioning.

The Road Ahead: From Silicon to System

As emerging technologies like AI and quantum computing reshape the threat landscape, hardware-level defenses will become even more important. Future systems will need stronger isolation, more advanced cryptographic accelerators, and tighter validation across chiplets and distributed components.

The future of cybersecurity isn’t software versus hardware. It’s both—working together in a continuous chain of trust that starts at the transistor and extends all the way to the cloud.

Conclusion

It’s easy to focus on what we can see: dashboards, alerts, patches, and policies. But real security begins somewhere quieter and more fundamental—on the PCB itself.

When trust is anchored in hardware—through secure elements, verified boot processes, tamper detection, and carefully designed board architecture—everything built on top of it becomes more resilient.

In a world where attackers are digging deeper than ever before, security must do the same. And that journey begins not in the cloud, not in the code—but in the circuitry.

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In this post, I will talk about cyber risk management as the backbone of enterprise security.

Enterprise security has evolved far beyond perimeter defenses and reactive incident response. In an era defined by cloud computing, remote work, interconnected supply chains, and increasingly sophisticated threat actors, organizations face a level of cyber exposure that is both constant and dynamic. According to IBM’s 2023 Cost of a Data Breach Report, the global average cost of a data breach reached $4.45 million, the highest on record.

Meanwhile, regulatory scrutiny continues to intensify, with frameworks such as GDPR, CCPA, and industry-specific mandates placing direct accountability on executive leadership. Within this environment, cyber risk management has emerged as the structural backbone of enterprise security strategy. Rather than treating cybersecurity as a purely technical function, forward-thinking organizations now approach it as a measurable, governable business risk.

At its core, cyber risk management aligns technical vulnerabilities with business impact. It translates threat intelligence and system weaknesses into quantifiable exposure, enabling boards and executives to make informed decisions. Without this alignment, security initiatives risk becoming fragmented, reactive, or disconnected from enterprise objectives. Modern enterprises must therefore adopt comprehensive risk visibility practices that span internal systems, third-party ecosystems, and emerging digital assets.

From Technical Controls to Business Risk Language

Historically, cybersecurity teams focused on patch management, firewall configuration, endpoint protection, and network monitoring. While these controls remain essential, they do not inherently convey business impact. A vulnerability score, for example, may indicate severity on a technical scale, but executives require clarity on potential financial loss, operational downtime, and reputational harm.

Cyber risk management bridges this gap by translating technical findings into business-relevant metrics. Frameworks such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework and ISO/IEC 27005 emphasize structured risk identification, assessment, mitigation, and continuous monitoring. These standards reinforce the principle that cybersecurity must be integrated into enterprise risk management (ERM) programs.

Boards increasingly expect risk reporting in financial or strategic terms. Gartner research consistently shows that chief information security officers (CISOs) who present risk quantification models gain stronger executive alignment and budget support. When cyber threats are framed as operational disruptions, regulatory penalties, or loss of competitive advantage, leadership engagement improves significantly.

This shift represents more than semantic refinement. It reflects a fundamental transformation in how enterprises perceive cyber threats. Security is no longer a technical silo; it is a business enabler and protector of shareholder value. Organizations that fail to adopt this perspective risk underestimating their exposure in a rapidly evolving digital economy.

The Expanding Attack Surface in Modern Enterprises

Enterprise infrastructures have grown increasingly complex. Cloud migration, SaaS adoption, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, and hybrid work environments have dramatically expanded the attack surface. According to a 2024 report from the World Economic Forum, over 60% of organizations identify third-party risk as one of their primary cybersecurity concerns.

Each digital transformation initiative introduces new dependencies. Vendors, contractors, and service providers often possess varying levels of security maturity. Attackers frequently exploit these indirect pathways. The widely publicized SolarWinds breach underscored how supply chain vulnerabilities can cascade across thousands of organizations, demonstrating that enterprise security cannot be confined to internal systems alone.

Cyber risk management frameworks address this complexity by incorporating external risk visibility. Continuous monitoring of vendor security posture, exposure ratings, and compliance status enables organizations to detect emerging weaknesses before they escalate into incidents. Instead of annual assessments or static questionnaires, leading enterprises now prioritize real-time risk intelligence.

Additionally, shadow IT—unauthorized applications or systems used within an organization—further complicates visibility. Without comprehensive asset discovery and monitoring, enterprises may underestimate their exposure. Effective cyber risk management demands centralized oversight that consolidates insights across departments, subsidiaries, and third-party ecosystems.

The modern attack surface is fluid. As digital innovation accelerates, so too must the mechanisms that assess and mitigate associated risks. Static security postures are no longer sufficient in a landscape defined by rapid change.

Continuous Risk Intelligence and Predictive Analytics

The evolution of cyber threats requires a proactive, intelligence-driven approach. Traditional risk assessments conducted annually or biannually cannot keep pace with rapidly emerging vulnerabilities. Instead, continuous risk intelligence has become a defining characteristic of mature security programs.

Predictive analytics now plays a significant role in identifying patterns and forecasting potential incidents. By analyzing historical breach data, vulnerability disclosures, and threat actor behavior, organizations can prioritize remediation efforts based on likelihood and impact. This strategic prioritization ensures efficient allocation of limited cybersecurity resources.

In the middle of this transformation, many enterprises leverage solutions such as Black Kite’s cyber risk platform to obtain quantifiable, standards-aligned risk insights across their digital ecosystem. Such platforms aggregate data from external scanning, threat intelligence feeds, and compliance benchmarks, translating technical findings into business-oriented risk scores. This integration enables security leaders to move beyond fragmented toolsets and toward cohesive, real-time visibility.

The adoption of data-driven risk scoring aligns with broader trends in enterprise governance. Just as financial departments rely on analytics to forecast revenue and mitigate fiscal risks, cybersecurity teams increasingly depend on measurable indicators to guide strategic decisions. This approach enhances transparency and accountability at every organizational level.

Continuous risk intelligence also supports regulatory compliance. Emerging disclosure requirements from bodies such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) mandate timely reporting of material cyber incidents. Organizations equipped with centralized risk monitoring systems are better positioned to respond promptly and accurately.

Third-Party and Supply Chain Risk as Strategic Priorities

Third-party risk management (TPRM) has evolved into a strategic imperative. Enterprises rarely operate in isolation; they depend on an intricate web of vendors, partners, and service providers. According to research from Ponemon Institute, over 50% of data breaches involve third-party vendors.

Traditional vendor risk assessments often relied on self-reported questionnaires. While useful, these assessments lack continuous validation. Modern cyber risk management emphasizes independent monitoring of vendor security posture, including vulnerability exposure, patching cadence, and configuration weaknesses.

Effective TPRM requires segmentation and prioritization. Not all vendors pose equal risk. Organizations must categorize suppliers based on data access, network integration, and operational criticality. High-risk vendors warrant enhanced scrutiny, including contractual security requirements and ongoing monitoring.

Moreover, geopolitical considerations add another layer of complexity. Global supply chains expose enterprises to regulatory and jurisdictional challenges. Compliance with data protection laws across multiple regions demands consistent oversight and documentation.

By embedding third-party risk into enterprise security strategy, organizations reduce blind spots that attackers frequently exploit. Proactive monitoring fosters collaborative improvement, encouraging vendors to strengthen their own security practices. This interconnected responsibility reflects the reality of today’s digital ecosystem: resilience depends on collective vigilance.

Governance, Compliance, and Executive Accountability

Cyber risk management intersects directly with corporate governance. Boards of directors increasingly bear responsibility for overseeing cybersecurity risk. Regulatory authorities worldwide now scrutinize how organizations manage and disclose cyber exposure.

The SEC’s enhanced cybersecurity disclosure rules, for example, require publicly traded companies to report material incidents within strict timeframes. Failure to do so may result in penalties and reputational damage. Similarly, the European Union’s NIS2 Directive expands cybersecurity obligations across critical sectors.

Effective governance relies on clear reporting structures and defined accountability. Risk dashboards that align with established frameworks—such as NIST, CIS Controls, or ISO standards—provide executives with actionable insights. Transparent metrics foster informed decision-making and resource allocation.

Cyber risk quantification models, including FAIR (Factor Analysis of Information Risk), further enhance governance maturity. By estimating probable financial loss from specific threat scenarios, organizations can compare cybersecurity investments against other business initiatives. This analytical approach elevates cybersecurity discussions from technical debates to strategic planning sessions.

Ultimately, executive accountability reinforces the importance of integrating cyber risk management into enterprise culture. When leadership prioritizes measurable risk oversight, organizations cultivate resilience and long-term sustainability.

Building a Culture of Risk Awareness

Technology alone cannot secure an enterprise. Human behavior remains a significant vulnerability. Phishing attacks, social engineering schemes, and credential misuse continue to exploit employee behavior. Verizon’s Data Breach Investigations Report consistently attributes a substantial percentage of breaches to human error or manipulation.

A comprehensive cyber risk management strategy therefore includes employee education and awareness initiatives. Training programs that simulate phishing scenarios and reinforce secure practices reduce susceptibility to attacks. Furthermore, clear incident reporting channels encourage prompt response to suspicious activity.

Cultural alignment extends beyond frontline employees. Cross-functional collaboration between IT, legal, compliance, and executive teams strengthens organizational resilience. Risk ownership should be distributed, not confined to a single department.

Embedding risk awareness into daily operations transforms cybersecurity from a compliance obligation into a shared responsibility. This cultural shift complements technological controls and enhances overall security posture.

Resilience and the Future of Enterprise Security

As digital ecosystems expand, resilience becomes the defining characteristic of successful enterprises. Cyber risk management does not eliminate threats; rather, it equips organizations to anticipate, withstand, and recover from them effectively. Incident response planning, business continuity strategies, and disaster recovery frameworks all intersect with risk management practices.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are poised to further refine predictive risk modeling. Automated threat detection and anomaly analysis enhance real-time visibility. However, technological sophistication must be matched by governance maturity and strategic foresight.

The future of enterprise security lies in integration. Risk management, compliance, technology operations, and executive leadership must function cohesively. Fragmented approaches leave gaps that adversaries exploit. Comprehensive risk visibility, continuous monitoring, and informed decision-making form the structural backbone that supports digital transformation.

In an increasingly interconnected world, cyber risk management stands as a foundational pillar rather than an auxiliary function. Enterprises that embrace this paradigm position themselves not only to defend against threats but to thrive amid digital complexity.

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In this post, I will discuss the free DMARC lookup as a record checker with results explained and quick fixes.

DMARC builds on SPF and DKIM to create policy-driven email authentication and reporting for your domain name. A correct DMARC record tells receiving ISPs like Google and Yahoo how to handle messages that fail authentication protocol checks, improving email deliverability, phishing protection, and spoofing prevention.

When you run a DMARC lookup, you gain visibility into whether your policy enforcement is set to none, quarantine, or reject, and whether alignment is configured to stop unauthorized emails.

A routine DMARC check helps confirm DMARC compliance across all sending sources (your ESP, MSP, internal gateways), flagging misconfiguration detection issues before they affect users. Because DMARC is defined in RFC 7489 and enforced via DNS, a quick DMARC inspection can reveal problems with record syntax, missing policy tags, and inconsistent settings that weaken email security.

Prerequisites before you run a DMARC lookup

Before using a DMARC checker, ensure:

• Your domain name has working SPF and DKIM for all authorized senders.
• You’ve identified who will receive reports (aggregate report and optional forensic report).
• You can access DNS to publish or update the DNS TXT record.

With these in place, a DMARC lookup will help lookup your DMARC you can use immediately.

How to Run a Free DMARC Record Check

Find the TXT record at _DMARC.domain.com

A DMARC record is a DNS TXT record published at the host _DMARC.domain.com (replace domain.com with your domain name). This TXT record begins with v=DMARC1 and includes a p=none, quarantine, or reject directive plus optional tags. Because DNS changes can take time, allow for propagation before re-running a DMARC check. If your DMARC lookup returns “no record,” verify the exact host, the zone, and that only one record exists.

DNS, TXT record host format, and propagation notes

• Host: _DMARC.domain.com
• Type: TXT record
• Only one DMARC record should exist per domain (subdomain policies use sp=).
• Propagation can vary by DNS and ISPs; wait and re-query if results look stale.

Use a DMARC checker tool (step-by-step)

You can run a free DMARC lookup with EasyDMARC, MX Toolbox, or DMARCian:

• Enter your domain name into the DMARC checker.
• Review the parsed tags and record validation output.
• Confirm v=DMARC1, the DMARC policy (p=none/quarantine/reject), and reporting destinations.
• Validate alignment against SPF and DKIM status.
• Save the report for DMARC inspection and future comparisons.

A good DMARC check should highlight record syntax issues, surface missing tags, and link to guidance on policy enforcement upgrades.

Interpreting Results: Record Components and Typical Findings

Core policy tags and record syntax

Every DMARC record starts with v=DMARC1 and a required p tag. Typical policy tags include:

• p: Sets the DMARC policy for the domain: none policy (p=none) for monitoring, quarantine for partial enforcement, reject policy for full enforcement.
• sp: Optional subdomain policy when subdomains need different handling.
• pct: Percentage of mail to which the policy applies (useful during gradual rollout).

v=DMARC1 and p=none, quarantine, reject policy

• p=none: Monitoring mode; used while collecting data.
• p=quarantine: Suspicious mail goes to spam.
• p=reject: Block unauthorized emails at the gateway.

Alignment controls: adkim, aspf

• adkim: DKIM alignment mode (r=relaxed, s=strict).
• aspf: SPF alignment mode (r or s).

Strict alignment forces the From domain to match the signing or authenticated domain more tightly, strengthening policy enforcement.

Reporting and cadence

DMARC shines through DMARC reporting, which includes:

• rua: Where aggregate report data is sent (mailto: URIs).
• ruf: Where forensic report (failure) data is sent, if enabled and supported.
• ri: Interval request for aggregate report frequency in seconds (e.g., ri=86400 for daily).

rua, ruf, ri, and howthe  aggregate report vs the forensic report differ

• Aggregate report: XML summaries from ISPs covering pass/fail by source IP, SP, and DKIM status. Used for trend analysis and misconfiguration detection.
• Forensic report: Message-level samples on failures (less common, privacy-limited). Use with care and secure mailboxes.

XML format, ISPs (Google, Yahoo), nuances

Aggregate data arrives as compressed XML files. Large ISPs like Google and Yahoo follow RFC 7489 but may differ in forensic report support and cadence. Expect varying ri adherence and occasional provider-specific fields.

READ ALSO: Free Spf Checker: Troubleshoot Spf Configuration Issues Easily

Quick Fixes for Common Issues

Fast remedies you can apply today

If your DMARC lookup or DMARC check reveals problems, act quickly:

Common categories of fixes

• No DMARC record or wrong host:
  • Publish a single DNS TXT record at _DMARC.domain.com starting with v=DMARC1.
  • Avoid creating multiple TXT records for DMARC; combine tags in one record.
• Syntax mistakes and misconfiguration detection:
  • Fix typos in policy tags; separate with semicolons.
  • Ensure mailto: URIs for rua/ruf are valid and reachable.
  • Keep tags lowercase and remove stray spaces; confirm record validation with a second DMARC checker.
• Weak DMARC policy or missing reports:
  • Start with p=none plus rua to enable DMARC reporting.
  • Add ruf only if you can handle potentially sensitive data; confirm provider support.
  • Set pct to 100 once you’re ready for full coverage under quarantine or reject.
• Alignment gaps with spf and DKIM:
  • Ensure all authorized senders publish correct SPF includes and sign with DKIM.
  • Align the visible From domain with the DKIM d= domain and the SPF MAIL FROM/HELO.
  • Use adkim=s and aspf=s for stricter enforcement when ready.

These changes typically resolve deliverability dips, reduce spoofing, and improve email authentication outcomes visible in your next DMARC inspection.

Implementation and Monitoring Plan

From draft to enforcement

A disciplined rollout balances email deliverability with security.

Ramp from none policy to quarantine to reject

• Phase 1 (Observe): Publish v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:reports@yourdomain; ri=86400. Verify SPF and DKIM across every ESP/MSP and third-party platform. Filter aggregate report data to find unknown sources.
• Phase 2 (Partial enforce): Move to p=quarantine; pct=25→50→75→100. Tighten alignment (aspf=r→s, adkim=r→s) as you confirm all authorized senders are covered.
• Phase 3 (Full enforce): Set p=reject, keep sp aligned for subdomains if needed, and maintain strict alignment. This maximizes spoofing prevention and policy enforcement.

Ongoing DMARC reporting, record validation, and policy enforcement

• Track aggregate report trends weekly to catch new services or unauthorized emails.
• Periodically re-run a DMARC lookup with multiple tools (EasyDMARC, mxtoolbox, DMARCian) for independent record validation.
• Audit SPF (flatten overly long includes), keep DKIM keys rotated, and confirm DKIM signing on all mail streams.
• Document changes for the domain administrator, including DNS updates and contact mailboxes for rua/ruf.
• Revisit ri and pct based on traffic volume and risk appetite; adjust sp for subdomains used by marketing or engineering.

By consistently publishing a precise DNS TXT record, verifying SPF and DKIM alignment, and using a reliable DMARC checker for continuous DMARC check reviews, you’ll maintain strong email authentication.

Regular DMARC lookup routines, informed by RFC 7489, ensure your DMARC policy evolves with your sending landscape and that your domain name remains protected against abuse.

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Learn how to save YouTube videos on a Chromebook using browser-based methods. Simple steps, formats, and tips for offline viewing.

Chromebooks are designed to work mainly through the browser. Most apps, files, and everyday tasks depend on a stable internet connection rather than installed software.

This matters because Chromebooks are widely used in education. Studies show that nearly 60% of U.S. schools and school districts use Chromebooks as part of their education technology programs, making them a primary learning device for millions of students.

YouTube plays a major role in how those students learn. Many rely on it for recorded lectures, step-by-step tutorials, and exam preparation.

This setup works well when Wi-Fi is reliable. Students often need to rewatch lectures, pause tutorials, or review specific sections more than once. When a video buffers or fails to load, learning is interrupted.

Chromebooks also have different limits than Windows or macOS laptops. Most desktop video downloader apps cannot be installed on ChromeOS.

Because of this, Chromebook users need a browser-based way to save YouTube videos. Offline access is not just about convenience. It helps keep learning and viewing consistent, even when the internet is not.

Can You Download YouTube Videos on a Chromebook?

Yes, you can download YouTube videos on a Chromebook, but it works differently from other laptops.

YouTube is widely used on Chromebooks for studying, research, and long-form listening. Students watch recorded lectures, revision guides, walkthroughs, and tutorials. Others use YouTube for podcasts, talks, and all other audio content that they want to replay later.

Chromebooks run on ChromeOS, which is built around the browser. Unlike Windows or macOS, you cannot install most desktop video downloader software or background apps.

YouTube does offer an offline viewing option on some devices. However, this only allows temporary playback inside the YouTube app.

Those videos are not real files. They expire after a set time, cannot be moved, shared, or backed up, and only play inside YouTube.

This is why many Chromebook users look for browser-based solutions. A browser-based downloader works in Chrome, aligns with ChromeOS’s design, and lets users save actual video files they can keep and watch offline anytime.

Methods to Save YouTube Videos on Chromebook

There are a few practical ways to access YouTube videos offline on a Chromebook, and each method works differently depending on how ChromeOS handles apps and files. 

Understanding how each method works helps Chromebook users avoid confusion and choose an approach that fits their study, viewing, or listening needs.

Method 1 – Using YouTube’s offline feature 

YouTube offers an offline viewing feature on supported devices that lets videos be saved in the YouTube app for playback without an internet connection. This option is useful for temporary access when users know they will be offline for a short period.

On Chromebooks, this feature is more limited. Offline videos remain locked inside YouTube and are not saved as video files on the device.

There is no file ownership with this method. 

Videos expire after a set time, require periodic internet access to remain available, and can only be played within the YouTube app. Due to these restrictions, this option works best for short-term viewing rather than long-term storage or reuse.

Method 2 – Browser-based download extensions

Browser-based download extensions are the most practical option for Chromebook users because they work with how ChromeOS is built. Since Chromebooks rely almost entirely on the Chrome browser, extensions fit naturally into daily use without changing workflows.

Why this works well on Chromebooks?

Extensions do not require software installation or system-level access. Everything runs inside the browser, which avoids the compatibility issues that come with desktop apps on ChromeOS. Once installed, the download option appears directly on the YouTube video page.

Simple, file-based downloads

A browser extension allows users to save actual video files rather than temporary, app-only copies. Videos are downloaded in common formats such as MP4, making them easy to store, replay, or move to cloud storage. The process remains clean and straightforward, with no extra steps or redirects.

Tools like Tubly Downloader are Chrome-compatible YouTube downloaders built for this use case. It works directly inside Chrome, focuses on MP4 downloads, and keeps the experience simple rather than cluttered.

Method 3 – online download tools (pros and tradeoffs)

Online download tools work through a web page rather than a browser extension. 

Users copy the YouTube video link, paste it into the site, choose a format, and then download the file. Because everything runs in the browser, these tools can be used on a Chromebook without installing anything.

This option can be useful for one-off downloads or when users do not want to install an extension. It may also help in situations where device access is restricted, such as shared or temporary Chromebooks.

Online tools involve extra steps compared to extensions, which slows the process. Video quality and formats may be limited, and reliability can vary based on site stability. For occasional downloads, they can work fine, but they’re less practical for regular use.

Since some fake pages imitate real download services, Chromebook users should understand how to identify phishing or fake websites before pasting links or clicking download buttons.

Step-by-Step: How to Save a YouTube Video on Chromebook (Browser Method)

This method uses a Chrome extension, which fits how Chromebooks are designed to work. It keeps everything inside the browser and avoids extra tools or software.

Step 1: Add the extension to Chrome

Install a Chrome-compatible YouTube downloader. An example is Tubly Downloader, which runs directly in the browser and adds download options on YouTube pages.

Step 2: Open YouTube in Chrome

Go to the YouTube website and sign in if needed. This works for regular videos as well as YouTube Shorts.

Step 3: Play the video or Short you want to save

Open the video you plan to watch offline, such as a lecture, tutorial, or even YouTube Shorts.

Step 4: Use the download option from the extension

A download button appears near the video player. Click it to see available options.

Step 5: Choose video quality and format

Select MP4 and the resolution that fits your storage and viewing needs. The file is then saved to your Chromebook or chosen storage location.

Best Video Formats and Quality Settings For Chromebook Users

MP4 is the safest format for Chromebook users because it works smoothly with ChromeOS and plays without extra codecs or players. Files open easily in the browser, media apps, and cloud storage, which makes MP4 a reliable choice for offline viewing.

Quality settings affect both storage and playback. 

Higher resolutions create larger files, which can fill Chromebook storage quickly, especially on devices with limited local space. Lower resolutions save storage but may reduce clarity for text-heavy videos such as lectures or screen recordings.

HD works well for most learning and everyday viewing. It keeps text readable and visuals clear without using too much space. 4K makes sense only when the video truly benefits from higher detail and when storage and screen support it. For most Chromebook users, HD strikes the right balance.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Saving Youtube Videos

Here are some common mistakes you should avoid when saving YouTube videos:

• Relying on unsupported apps: Desktop download software often cannot run on ChromeOS
• Ignoring file size limits: Large video files can quickly fill Chromebook storage
• Downloading low-quality versions unintentionally: Always check the resolution before saving
• Saving files without clear names: Unlabeled videos are hard to find later
• Forgetting available storage location: Files may be saved to a folder you rarely use
• Assuming offline files will sync automatically: Local downloads do not always sync to cloud storage
• Downloading higher quality than needed: Extra resolution adds size without real benefit for lectures

Key takeaways

• Chromebooks work best with browser-based solutions for saving YouTube videos
• Download extensions provide the most reliable and flexible way to save real video files
• Offline access supports learning, travel, and reuse when internet access is limited
• Choose an extension that provides quality options, YouTube Shorts download, and is ad-free and secure 
• A clear, repeatable workflow makes saving videos simple and consistent

Conclusion: Making YouTube Work Offline on Chromebook

Chromebook limitations do not mean fewer choices. 

They simply require approaches that fit how ChromeOS is designed to work. When users rely on browser-based methods, saving YouTube videos becomes practical instead of frustrating.

Using the right tools and settings helps avoid storage issues, playback problems, and unnecessary re-downloads. With a simple workflow in place, offline access becomes a normal part of studying, listening, or watching on a Chromebook, no matter where the internet stands.

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